Abstracts

Rationale: In humans, traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most common causes of acquired (symptomatic) epilepsy, but as yet there is no treatment to prevent the development of epilepsy after TBI. Animal models of posttraumatic epilepsy (PTE) are important to characterize epileptogenic mechanisms of TBI and to identify clinically effective antiepileptogenic treatments. The prevalence and phenomenology of naturally occurring canine epilepsy is very similar to human epilepsy. However, the risk of epilepsy after TBI has not been systemically studied in dogs. We therefore performed a large retrospective study in 1004 dogs referred to our clinical department over a period of 11.5 years with the aim to determine the incidence of early and late seizures after head trauma in this species. Methods: Two strategies were used: in group I (n = 384), we evaluated whether dogs referred for the treatment of a trauma developed seizures after the trauma, while in group II (n = 620) we evaluated whether dogs referred for the treatment of recurrent epileptic seizures had a history of head trauma. Data for this study were obtained from our clinical database, questionnaires sent to the dogs' owners, and owner interviews. Results: In group I, 6.6 % of the dogs developed PTE. The risk of PTE increased with severity of TBI; 13.3% of the dogs with skull fracture developed PTE. In group II, 15.5% of the dogs with epilepsy had a history of head injury, which was significantly higher than the incidence of PTE determined for group I. Other causes of epilepsy in group II included brain tumors (8%), brain infections (6.1%), and cortical dysgenesis (2.1%), while cerebrovascular disease did not play any significant role, because it is rare in dogs. Idiopathic or cryptogenic epilepsy was diagnosed in 63% of the dogs of group II. Conclusions: Our study indicates that head trauma in dogs is associated with a high risk of developing epilepsy. Thus, dogs with severe TBI are an interesting natural model of PTE that provides a novel translational platform for studies on human PTE.